Research & Insights
Engineering Field Notes
Technical observations from operational deployments. Written for engineers, not for announcements.
OT Asset Inventory Before IEC 62443: Why the Sequence Matters
Most IEC 62443 programmes fail not because of poor security design, but because the asset inventory they are built on is incomplete. A field note on getting the sequence right.
IEC 61850 Migration: What Fails in the Second Year
The initial deployment phase rarely reveals the issues. This field note documents failure patterns observed across twelve substation migrations.
Digital Twins in Industrial Operations: Where the Gap Actually Is
Most digital twin implementations stall at the model-accuracy problem. The operational gap is elsewhere — and it is not a software problem.
IEC 62443 in Practice: Zone Architecture for Operational Networks
Security zone design in industrial environments is not primarily about technology selection — it is about understanding operational boundaries.